![]() Nel V secolo, Isidoro di Siviglia spiegò l'allora corrente relazione tra codex, libro e rotolo nella sua opera Etymologiae (VI.13): "Un codex è composto da molti. Location: Israel Jordan Palestine: Coordinates.Libro - Wikipedia. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Un libro . I libri sono pertanto opere letterarie e talvolta una stessa opera . Nella biblioteconomia e scienza dell'informazione un libro . Google ha stimato che al 2. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche . Un'evoluzione identica ha sub. In russo ed in serbo, altra lingua slava, le parole . Se ne deduce che le prime scritture delle lingue indoeuropee possano esser state intagliate su legno di faggio. La scrittura, un sistema di segni durevoli che permette di trasmettere e conservare le informazioni, ha cominciato a svilupparsi tra il VII e il IV millennio a. Usage Statistics for communitygaze.com Summary Period: January 2017 - Search String Generated 01-Feb-2017 02:08 PST. The Institute for Regulatory Science (RSI) is dedicated to the idea that societal decisions and public communications must be based on Best Available Science and. 1983 was a common year starting on Saturday (dominical letter B) of the Gregorian calendar, the 1983rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations. C. Lo studio di queste iscrizioni . La scrittura alfabetica emerse in Egitto circa 5. Gli antichi Egizi erano soliti scrivere scrivere sul papiro, una pianta coltivata lungo il fiume Nilo. Inizialmente i termini non erano separati l'uno dall'altro (scriptura continua) e non c'era punteggiatura. I testi venivano scritti da destra a sinistra, da sinistra a destra, e anche in modo che le linee alternate si leggessero in direzioni opposte. Il termine tecnico per questo tipo di scrittura, con un andamento che ricorda quello de solchi tracciati dall'aratro in un campo, . Furono infatti usate come mezzo di scrittura, specialmente per il cuneiforme, durante tutta l'Et. Servivano da materiale normale di scrittura nelle scuole, in contabilit. Avevano il vantaggio di essere riutilizzabili: la cera poteva essere fusa e riformare una . L'usanza di legare insieme diverse tavolette di cera (romano pugillares) . Erano utilizzate anche le cortecce di albero, come per esempio quelle della Tilia, e altri materiali consimili. Terima kasih telah membaca artikel tentang EBOOK GRATIS di blog DOWNLOAD EBOOK NOVEL GRATIS jika anda ingin menyebar luaskan Ebook ini dimohon untuk mencantumkan link. Hello, Are you interested in getting a loan? Are you in any finance stress or need funds to start up your own business? Do you need loan to settle your. Lyberty.com's weekly/monthly splash page. La parola greca per papiro come materiale di scrittura (biblion) e libro (biblos) proviene dal porto fenicio di Biblo, da dove si esportava il papiro verso la Grecia. Tomus fu usato dai latini con lo stesso significato di volumen (vedi sotto anche la spiegazione di Isidoro di Siviglia). Che fossero fatti di papiro, pergamena o carta, i rotoli furono la forma libraria dominante della cultura ellenistica, romana, cinese ed ebraica. Il formato di codex si stabil. Viene chiamato codex per metafora di un tronco (codex) d'albero o di vite, come se fosse un ceppo di legno, poich. La prima menzione scritta del codice come forma di libro . Tuttavia, il codice non si guadagn. Gli autori cristiani potrebbero anche aver voluto distinguere i loro scritti dai testi pagani scritti su rotoli. La storia del libro continua a svilupparsi con la graduale transizione dal rotolo al codex, spostandosi dal Vicino Oriente del II- II millennio a. C. All'arrivo del Medioevo, circa mezzo millennio dopo, i codici - di foggia e costruzione in tutto simili al libro moderno - rimpiazzarono il rotolo e furono composti principalmente di pergamena. Fu un cambiamento che influ. Potrai pagarli due, e Trifone il libraio ci far. Haec tibi, multiplici quae structa est massa tabella, / Carmina Nasonis quinque decemque gerit. Questa mole composta da numerosi fogli contiene quindici libri poetici del Nasone »(Marziale XIV. Il libro antico. L'oggetto libro sub. Nel mondo antico non godette di molta fortuna a causa del prezzo elevato rispetto a quello del papiro. Tuttavia aveva il vantaggio di una maggiore resistenza e la possibilit. Il libro in forma di rotolo consisteva in fogli preparati da fibre di papiro (phylire) disposte in uno strato orizzontale (lo strato che poi riceveva la scrittura) sovrapposto ad uno strato verticale (la faccia opposta). La scrittura era effettuata su colonne, generalmente sul lato del papiro che presentava le fibre orizzontali. Non si hanno molte testimonianze sui rotoli di pergamena tuttavia la loro forma era simile a quella dei libri in papiro. Gli inchiostri neri utilizzati erano a base di nerofumo e gomma arabica. La vecchia forma libraria a rotolo scompare in ambito librario. In forma notevolmente differente permane invece in ambito archivistico. Nel Medio Evo si fanno strada alcune innovazioni: nuovi inchiostri ferro gallici e, a partire dalla met. Il prezzo molto basso di questo materiale, ricavato da stracci e quindi pi. Ma bisogna aspettare la seconda met. Questo mezzo, permettendo l'accelerazione della produzione delle copie di testi contribuisce alla diffusione del libro e della cultura. La parola membranae, letteralmente . Altri suoi distici rivelano che tra i regali fatti da Marziale c'erano copie di Virgilio, di Cicerone e Livio. Le parole di Marziale danno la distinta impressione che tali edizioni fossero qualcosa di recentemente introdotto. Il codice si origin. Quando c'era bisogno di pi. Sono stati rinvenuti . Nel tempo, furono anche disponibili modelli di lusso fatti con tavolette di avorio invece che di legno. I romani chiamarono tali tavolette col nome di codex e solo molto pi. Ad un certo punto i romani inventarono un taccuino pi. Il passo fu breve dall'usare due o tre fogli come taccuino al legarne insieme una certa quantit. Il grande vantaggio che offrivano rispetto ai rolli era la capienza, vantaggio che sorgeva dal fatto che la facciata esterna del rotolo era lasciata in bianco, vuota. Il codice invece aveva scritte entrambe le facciate di ogni pagina, come in un libro moderno.(LA). Quam brevis inmensum cepit membrana Maronem! Ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit. La prima pagina porta il volto del poeta. Ma copie erano anche fatte di fogli di papiro. In Egitto, dove cresceva la pianta del papiro ed era centro della sua manifattura per materiale scrittorio, il codex di tale materiale era naturalmente pi. Quando i greci ed i romani disponevano solo del rotolo per scrivere libri, si preferiva usare il papiro piuttosto che la pergamena. Fece la sua comparsa in Egitto non molto dopo il tempo di Marziale, nel II secolo d. C., o forse anche prima, alla fine del I secolo. Il suo debutto fu modesto. A tutt'oggi sono stati rinvenuti 1. Nel terzo secolo la percentuale aumenta dall'1,5% a circa il 1. Il rotolo comunque aveva ancora parecchi secoli davanti a s. In teoria, in Egitto, terra ricca di pianta di papiro, il codice papiraceo avrebbe dovuto regnar supremo, ma non fu cos. Sebbene gli undici codici della Bibbia datati in quel secolo fossero papiracei, esistono circa 1. Non ne scegliemmo alcuno, ma ne raccogliemmo altri otto per i quali gli diedi 1. Il codex tanto apprezzato da Marziale aveva quindi fatto molta strada da Roma. Nel terzo secolo, quando tali codici divennero alquanto diffusi, quelli di pergamena iniziarono ad essere popolari. Il numero totale di codici sopravvissuti correntemente ammontano a pi. Nel quarto secolo la percentuale si alza al 3. V secolo. In breve, anche in Egitto, la fonte mondiale del papiro, il codice di pergamena occupava una notevole quota di mercato. Sono tutti di pergamena, edizioni eleganti, scritti in elaborata calligrafia su sottili fogli di pergamena. Per tali edizioni di lusso il papiro era certamente inadatto. Titoli di compilazioni celebri, il Codice teodosiano promulgato nel 4. Codice giustinianeo promulgato nel 5. Dall'altro lato, basandoci sulle annotazioni di Libanio, intellettuale del IV secolo che nelle sue molteplici attivit. Le ragioni erano buone: la pergamena poteva resistere a maltrattamenti vari, il codice poteva venir consultato velocemente per riferimenti giuridici, sentenze e giudizi, e cos. La pergamena usata doveva certo essere di bassa qualit. Il papiro divenne difficile da reperire a causa della mancanza di contatti con l'Antico Egitto e la pergamena, che era stata usata da secoli, divenne il materiale di scrittura principale. I monasteri continuarono la tradizione scritturale latina dell'Impero romano d'Occidente. Cassiodoro, nel Monastero di Vivario (fondato verso il 5. XLVIII), che riserva certi momenti alla lettura, influenz. La tradizione e lo stile dell'Impero romano predominava ancora, ma gradualmente emerse la cultura peculiare libro medievale. Prima dell'invenzione e adozione del torchio calcografico, quasi tutti i libri venivano copiati a mano, il che rendeva i libri costosi e relativamente rari. I piccoli monasteri di solito possedevano poche dozzine di libri, forse qualche centinaio quelli di medie dimensioni. Con il IX secolo, le pi! Alcuni di questi esemplari sono esposti nei musei. La luce artificiale era proibita per paura che potesse danneggiare i manoscritti. Esistevano cinque tipi di scribi. La pergamena doveva essere preparata, poi le pagine libere venivano pianificate e rigate con uno strumento appuntito o un piombo, dopo di che il testo era scritto dallo scriba, che di solito lasciava aree vuote a scopo illustrativo e rubricativo. Infine, il libro veniva rilegato dal rilegatore. Esistono testi scritti in rosso o addirittura in oro, e diversi colori venivano utilizzati per le miniature. A volte la pergamena era tutta di colore viola e il testo vi era scritto in oro o argento (per esempio, il Codex Argenteus). Tuttavia, l'uso di spazi tra le parole non divenne comune prima del XII secolo. Si sostiene che l'uso di spaziatura tra parole dimostra il passaggio dalla lettura semi- vocalizzata a quella silenziosa. Le copertine erano fatte di legno e ricoperte di cuoio. Durante il Tardo Medioevo, quando cominciarono a sorgere le biblioteche pubbliche, e fino al XVIII secolo, i libri venivano spesso incatenati ad una libreria o scrivania per impedirne il furto. Questi libri attaccati a catena sono chiamati libri catenati. Vedi illustrazione a margine. Dapprima, i libri erano copiati prevalentemente nei monasteri, uno alla volta. Con l'apparire delle universit. I libri furono divisi in fogli non legati (pecia), che furono distribuiti a differenti copisti e di conseguenza la velocit. Il sistema venne gestito da corporazioni secolari di cartolai, che produssero sia materiale religioso che laico. Secondo la tradizione ebraica, il rotolo della Torah posto nella sinagoga deve esser scritto a mano su pergamena e quindi un libro stampato non . Lo scriba ebraico (sofer) . Un certo numero di citt. Marrakech, in Marocco, ebbe una strada denominata Kutubiyyin, o . Col metodo di controllo, solo . Dead Sea - Wikipedia. The Dead Sea (Hebrew: . Its surface and shores are 4. The Dead Sea is 3. With 3. 4. 2% salinity (in 2. The Dead Sea is 5. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptianmummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets. The Dead Sea water has a density of 1. Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighboring countries, while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilize its levels. The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2. The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah (Y. Another historic name in Arabic was the . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek. This left lateral- moving transform fault lies along the tectonicplate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself. To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 2. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a . The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long- scale climate change. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 5. Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs (see salt dome). From 7. 0,0. 00 to 1. This lake, Lake Lisan, fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 2. Near East. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 4. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity; therefore, it may have been a seismic event. Climate. The Dead Sea's climate offers year- round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 5. Winter average temperatures range between 2. The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 1. C (8. 6F) annually. The topmost 3. 5 meters (1. Dead Sea had an average salinity of 3. Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 2. By 1. 97. 5, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1. For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1. 98. Dead Sea surface water was Cl. The total salinity was 2. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 8. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO4. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States. An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance. Egyptianmummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, treatment with mineral- rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1. 98. 0, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella. Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid- containing (red- pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1. 98. 0, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers. In 2. 01. 1 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea. The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as . In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. By the 1. 9th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 9. 0 runs north- south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 5. Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat. Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 6. 5 runs north- south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba. Human history. Biblical period. Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David. Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 1. Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 1. Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby. In Ezekiel. 47: 8- 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah. The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies. The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as . The most famous was Masada, where in 7. CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 7. CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 9. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (. However, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodoxmonks since the Byzantine era.
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This is the primary recording format used in many professional audio workstations in the television and film industry. BWF files include a standardized timestamp reference which allows for easy synchronization with a separate picture element. Stand- alone, file based, multi- track recorders from AETA. The original, uncompressed data can be recreated from the compressed version. Uncompressed audio formats encode both sound and silence with the same number of bits per unit of time. Encoding an uncompressed minute of absolute silence produces a file of the same size as encoding an uncompressed minute of music. In a lossless compressed format, however, the music would occupy a smaller file than an uncompressed format and the silence would take up almost no space at all. Lossless compression formats include the common. They provide a compression ratio of about 2: 1 (i. Development in lossless compression formats aims to reduce processing time while maintaining a good compression ratio. Lossy compressed audio format. This of course results in a reduction in audio quality, but a variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting psychoacoustics, to remove the parts of the sound that have the least effect on perceived quality, and to minimize the amount of audible noise added during the process. The popular MP3 format is probably the best- known example, but the AAC format found on the i. Tunes Music Store is also common. Most formats offer a range of degrees of compression, generally measured in bit rate. The lower the rate, the smaller the file and the more significant the quality loss. List of formats. AAC files are usually ADTS or ADIF containers. Audible. com (Amazon. An Audiobook format, which is a variable- bitrate (allowing high quality) M4. B file encrypted with DRM. MPB contains AAC or ALAC encoded audio in an MPEG- 4 container. It could be considered the Apple equivalent of wav. AMR- NB audio, used primarily for speech. Matthew T. Ashland. Monkey's Audio lossless audio compression format. Sun Microsystems. The standard audio file format used by Sun, Unix and Java. The audio in au files can be PCM or compressed with the . It has dictation header information and can be encrypted (as may be required by medical confidentiality laws). A proprietary format of NCH Software. Olympus. DSS files are an Olympus proprietary format. It is a fairly old and poor codec. GSM or MP3 are generally preferred where the recorder allows. It allows additional data to be held in the file header. Sony. A Sony proprietary format for compressed voice files; commonly used by Sony dictation recorders. A file format for the Free Lossless Audio Codec, a lossless compression codec. Designed for telephony use in Europe, gsm is a very practical format for telephone quality voice. It makes a good compromise between file size and quality. Note that wav files can also be encoded with the gsm codec. Klax. An i. Klax Media proprietary format, the i. Klax format is a multi- track digital audio format allowing various actions on musical data, for instance on mixing and volumes arrangements. D Solar UK Ltd. A proprietary version with Digital Rights Management developed by 3. D Solar UK Ltd for use in music downloaded from their Tronme Music Store and interactive music and video player. An audio- only MPEG- 4 file, used by Apple for unprotected music downloaded from their i. Tunes Music Store. Audio within the m. AAC, although lossless ALAC may also be used. An Audiobook / podcast extension with AAC or ALAC encoded audio in an MPEG- 4 container. Both M4. A and M4. B formats can contain metadata including chapter markers, images, and hyperlinks, but M4. B allows . Developed by Yamaha (SMAF stands for . It is the most common sound file format used today. Musepack or MPC (formerly known as MPEGplus, MPEG+ or MP+) is an open source lossy audio codec, specifically optimized for transparent compression of stereo audio at bitrates of 1. Sony. A Sony proprietary format for Memory Stick compressed voice files. Xiph. Org Foundation. A free, open source container format supporting a variety of formats, the most popular of which is the audio format Vorbis. Vorbis offers compression similar to MP3 but is less popular. As an open format standardised through RFC 6. BSD license. ra, . Real. Networks. A Real. Audio format designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The . ra format allows files to be stored in a self- contained fashion on a computer, with all of the audio data contained inside the file itself. A raw file can contain audio in any format but is usually used with PCM audio data. It is rarely used except for technical tests. Signed Linear PCM format used by Asterisk. Prior to v. 1. 0 the standard formats were 1. Signed Linear PCM sampled at 8 k. Hz and at 1. 6 k. Hz. With v. 1. 0 many more sampling rates were added. Similar to other ADPCM formats, it compresses to 4- bits. Vox format files are similar to wave files except that the vox files contain no information about the file itself so the codec sample rate and number of channels must first be specified in order to play a vox file. Standard audio file container format used mainly in Windows PCs. Commonly used for storing uncompressed (PCM), CD- quality sound files, which means that they can be large in size—around 1. MB per minute. Wave files can also contain data encoded with a variety of (lossy) codecs to reduce the file size (for example the GSM or MP3 formats). Wav files use a RIFF structure. Microsoft. Windows Media Audio format, created by Microsoft. Designed with Digital Rights Management (DRM) abilities for copy protection. Format for wavpack file http: //www. Royalty- free format created for HTML5 video. PPT – Hot Work Training Power. Point presentation . This program shall cover the following hot work processes Welding and Allied Processes Heat Treating Grinding Thawing Pipe Powder- Driven Fasteners Hot Riveting Similar Applications Producing a Spark, Flame or Heat 4. Importance of Fire Prevention During Hot Work Operations. May, 2. 00. 1 University of Kentucky A building that housed the university president and other offices was destroyed by a fire that apparently was started by welding on the roof. The building, which had been constructed in 1. Importance of Fire Prevention During Hot Work Operations. Training Session tomorrow? Check out our Big List of Free Safety Training PowerPoint Presentations. Available for download immediately. Retrouvez toutes les discothèque Marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soirées en discothèque à Marseille. Synergy Coverage Solutions’ Client Services team is dedicated to efficiently answering all client billing questions and concerns. April, 2. 00. 3 University of Florida Sparks from welding equipment caused a fire that forced the evacuation of several hundred people at the J. Hillis Miller Science Center. The fire started while a worker was repairing the ventilation system. Two people complained of smoke inhalation and all the research animals were exposed to the smoke. Johns University An electrical worker was burned when a fire broke out in the basement of a dormitory. The electrical worker was installing equipment to improve cell- phone reception. Two workers were standing side by side using handheld tools that emitted sparks. Sparks from the tools fell into a bucket containing glue, creating the fire. Importance of Fire Prevention During Hot Work Operations. June, 2. 00. 3 Arizona State University A dorm that was under construction erupted into fire when a spark from a welding torch started the fire. The dormitory was completely destroyed. Fortunately, no injuries were reported. Cooling Tower Fire Caused By Unsafe Hot Work Practices During welding work at a refinery in Korea, a fire broke out in the cooling tower block of the power supply plant and spread over the entire complex at an incredible speed. Regulatory Background. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? Public Employees Risk Reduction Act of 1. Public Employees Risk Reduction Program (PERRP)? OSHAs and NFPAs Welding, Cutting and Brazing Standards. Required basic precautions including responsibility for hot work protection of personnel removing, guarding or shielding combustibles trained and equipped fire watch/es designated welding areas authorized written hot work permits and training and communication. Fire Watch Supervisors Employees (Hot Work Operators)? CCSD Written Hot Work Program. Introduction. Safety and Health Specialist Responsibilities coordinating the Hot Work Program assisting departments and areas with training and updating and evaluating CCSD Hot Work Program. CCSD Written Hot Work Program. Introduction. Fire Safety Officer Responsibilities assisting in determining the suitability of designated areas for hot work and performing fire extinguisher training. Permit required areas an area that requires a written hot work permit and shall be made safe by removing or protecting combustibles from ignition sources. Creating a Positive Safety Culture and Outstanding Safety Performance Jim O’Dell Safety Manager, Kipper Tool Company (C) Jim O'Dell 2013 When we measure our results.CCSD Written Hot Work Program Welding Areas. Non- permissible welding areas areas not authorized by management sprinklered buildings while such protection is impaired in the presence of an explosive atmosphere, including improperly prepared drums that once contained flammable materials and areas near storage of large quantities of exposed, readily ignitable materials. More than one fire watch is required when combustible material that could be ignited by hot work cannot be directly observed by only one fire watch. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Hot Work Permit. A hot work permit must be obtained from the PAI for hot work being performed in permit required areas the PAI must verify that the precautions on the permit have been completed before authorizing work and at least once per day during the operation The permit must be displayed at the job site 3. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Hot Work Permit. A hot work permit must be removed and given to the supervisor upon completion of hot work operation. Ensure that safe conditions are maintained;. Claim Your Free Copy of 50 Tips For More Effective Safety Training Each Safety topic delivers effective training, including train the trainer. The following is a complete list of all publications issued by NIOSH. To view publication numbers, click the "Show Publication Numbers" link at the top of the list. The website for free information, resources and links for workplace safety and OSHA compliance. Free publications, power point presentations, safety links and many. Electrical Safety Awareness Training Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Environmental Health & Safety Evan Rousseau Industrial Hygienist – PowerPoint. ![]() ![]() Can be issued for no more than 4 days if the job performed is the same and is located on the same floor/area 3. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Hot Work Permit. Located in Appendix A is the CCSD Hot Work Permit. Located in Appendix B is the CCSD Fire Watch Decision Tree. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Training. Hot Work. 1 training session (This Session)? Hot Work. 2 training session the inherent risks involved the emergency procedures in the event of a fire instructions on all equipment and processes and the provisions of this program. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Other Precautions. Confined Spaces cont In order to eliminate the possibility of gas escaping through leaks or improperly closed valves, when gas welding or cutting, the torch valves shall be closed and the gas supply to the torch positively shut off at some point outside the confined space area whenever the torch is not to be used for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or overnight. Where practical, the torch and hose shall also be removed from the confined space. CCSD Written Hot Work Program Other Precautions. Confined Spaces cont When welding or cutting is being performed in any confined space, the gas cylinders and welding machines shall be left on the outside. Before operations are started, heavy portable equipment mounted on wheels shall be securely blocked to prevent accidental movement. The following must be practiced for fall protection A welder working on platforms, scaffolds or runways shall be protected against falling by the use of railings, life lines or some other equally effective means. Welders shall also place welding cables and other equipment so that they are clear of passageways, ladders and stairways. Contact Risk Management at 7. Summary. Importance of fire prevention during hot work operations Regulatory background OSHAs welding, cutting and brazing standard NFPAs standard for fire prevention during welding, cutting and other hot work CCSD written Hot Work Permit Program Implementation assistance 4. Where to Get More Informationhttp//www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Search Results for A strange family obsessed with sex / Watch online. ![]() Download boyhood movie! Boyhood movie download! 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Si tratta della funzione performativa di testi quali leggi, sentenze, contratti, ecc. Si tratta di un testo vincolante i cui autori, contrariamente ai medici, agli ingegneri o agli storici, non parlano di diritto quale materia, ma agiscono giuridicamente nel senso che i loro testi producono gli effetti giuridici previsti dal diritto quale istituzione. I testi performativi sono dunque enunciati del diritto che, secondo Oppenheim (1. Garzone (2. 00. 7: 1. Ebookersch Videos; Playlists; Channels; Discussion;. Test new features; Loading. Multiple City FlightsSecondo Wiesmann (2. Mentre un testo di tipo informativo scritto in italiano e pubblicato in Italia pu. I testi della dottrina, come quelli della pratica del diritto, citano e rinviano ai testi normativi e a quelli dell’applicazione del diritto; i testi normativi, a loro volta, contengono riferimenti agli articoli di altre leggi e ad altri articoli della stessa legge. Come sottolinea Pommer (2. Tribunale civile di Forl. Oltre alle prescrizioni di forma contenute nell’art. Wiesmann 1. 99. 9: 1. Il Sig. La funzione performativa dell’atto di citazione si realizza nella proposizione della domanda giudiziale da parte dell’attore e nella citazione del convenuto. Le interrelazioni con altri testi si palesano non soltanto nei riferimenti normativi, ma anche nelle citazioni di sentenze e testi della dottrina a sostegno delle conclusioni formulate e dei provvedimenti che si vogliono ottenere. Basti pensare a un concetto come inadempimento (Galgano 2. Sono testi regolativi i testi giuridici, i contratti, gli statuti, i regolamenti, i libretti di istruzione, i segnali stradali, le ricette culinarie. Title:Catalogo Testi Giuridici - Utet Giuridica. Utetgiuridica.it rapporto : L'indirizzo IP primario del sito è 77.238.7.37,ha ospitato il Italy,Oriolo Romano. Via General Cantore n. 13 - 21047 Saronno (VA) tel. 0296705167 - Fax 0296249360 - email: [email protected]. Buy La comunita montana e gli altri enti collegati (Collana di testi e studi giuridici) (Italian Edition) on Amazon.com FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders. Il regolamento del potere esecutivo italiano si distingue dal regolamento comunitario, cos. Codice Civile come “accordo di due o pi. La dicitura obbligatoria su assegni bancari o postali di importo pari o superiori a 1. Dalle formule abitudinarie Rega (2. Effettuare conferimenti pu. La collocazione risolvere un contratto, invece, non pu. Mentre dalle ricerche condotte da Kj. Nel diritto processuale civile, ad es., sollevare eccezioni . Codice Civile, secondo il quale all’inadempiente non . Bertozzi 2. 00. 9). Pierucci (2. 00. 9: 1. G. I.) e le abbreviazioni (dom. Da quanto detto sul linguaggio e sul testo giuridico (cfr. Nel caso della traduzione interculturale il traduttore dovr. Si pensi, ad es., alle differenze pi. Secondo Snel Trampus (1. Con structure ella si riferisce all’appartenenza dei concetti allo stesso settore del diritto, con classification alla medesima posizione occupata dai concetti nel sistema concettuale, con scope of application all’estensione del concetto e la relativa attribuzione a un numero maggiore o minore di referenti e con legal effects agli effetti giuridici collegati al concetto. L’ordinamento giuridico tedesco prevede, infatti, due atti distinti, uno con il quale l’attore propone la domanda giudiziale (Klageschrift) e un altro con il quale si cita il convenuto (Ladung). In presenza di questa situazione di equivalenza parziale appare adeguata la traduzione di atto di citazione con il neologismo Klage- und Ladeschrift. Si pensi, ad es., a Rega (1. Ballansat (2. 00. Garzone (2. 00. 2) che discute la traduzione di convenzioni internazionali dall’inglese in italiano o a Cosmai (2. Unione europea nelle lingue ufficiali. In presenza di diversit. Wiesmann (1. 99. 9: 1. Mentre la frase unica degli atti di citazione italiani, essendo legata dalla macrostruttura, potr. Nel caso, ad es., dell’Italia, la terminologia di riferimento . In presenza di un ordinamento nazionale plurilingue il problema dell’equivalenza dei concetti non esiste dal momento che i termini delle lingue giuridiche coinvolte sono riferiti sempre allo stesso concetto. Il concetto di “atto con efficacia di legge formale emanato dal Governo in base ad una delega legislativa del Parlamento”, ad es., . Rispetto ai termini, il cui uso diventa obbligatorio dopo la normazione (Zanon 2. La traduzione di testi del diritto sovranazionale plurilingue, come ad es. Seppur esistano dei concetti comunitari espressi da tanti termini quante sono le lingue ufficiali dell’Unione europea, il diritto comunitario, come ricorda . In presenza di un termine nazionale, quindi, il traduttore dovr. Mentre nel caso dei testi di tipo informativo l’originale e la traduzione hanno lo stesso rango a livello linguistico. In aggiunta, come ricorda Cao (2. English speaking country, contracts sometimes may stipulate that the versions of the contract in the official language of the country and English are both authentic, even though the language of the court and the country does not include English. In Italia, ad es., il Codice Civile del 1. Anche in Svizzera si . Il Codice Civile del 1. Oggi invece, almeno per le versioni in tedesco e francese, si ricorre alla coredazione delle leggi (Ballansat/Perrin 2. Canada (Beaudoin 2. Tuttavia, pur trattandosi di fatto di traduzioni, l’“architettura politico- istituzionale comunitaria si basa su un assunto teorico stando al quale ogni testo normativo viene redatto in modo collegiale nelle 2. Nella Convenzione di Vienna sul diritto dei trattati del 1. Lo status giuridico che la traduzione pu. In ogni caso, come per le traduzioni nell’ambito degli ordinamenti nazionali plurilingui e anche per quelle nell’ambito del diritto transnazionale, . Il diritto contrattuale e il diritto commerciale, infatti, attribuiscono alle parti (prendiamo come esempio il caso di un agente italiano e un preponente tedesco come parti di un contratto di agenzia) la facolt. Anche se difficilmente si stabilisce, in presenza di un contratto redatto in italiano e tradotto in tedesco, che il diritto applicabile debba essere quello tedesco (si veda tuttavia il caso e le sue conseguenze sul piano metodologico affrontati in Wiesmann 2. In quest’ultimo caso, quando il diritto applicabile . Essendo il diritto applicabile uno dei fattori pragmatici maggiormente determinanti per le scelte metodologiche del traduttore (cfr. Alle insoweit anfallenden Kosten (v. Mentre si sarebbe dovuto trovare una soluzione traduttiva per la distinzione tra Grundschuld e Hypothek, sconosciuta al diritto italiano, se il diritto applicabile fosse stato il diritto tedesco, in questo caso il problema poteva essere facilmente risolto rendendo Grundschuld/Hypothek con il solo termine ipoteca. Wiesmann 2. 00. 4: 9. Si segnalano in particolare. Stato o negli Stati interessati e della diffusione della conoscenza delle norme che costituiscono il sistema di riferimento di chiunque sia soggetto alle norme in questione: si pensi, ad es., alla traduzione o coredazione delle leggi svizzere e alla traduzione degli atti normativi comunitari. Stato: mentre Laborde (2. Favre (1. 99. 9: 1. Svizzera secondo il diritto portoghese. Stato per rendere possibile la creazione di un testo di legge da parte di un altro Stato: Weisflog (1. Ministero degli Interni della Germania per gli Stati del Centro ed Est Europa, tradotta prima in inglese o poi nelle lingue ufficiali degli Stati interessati. Stato. la traduzione di tutti gli atti utili ai fini probatori. Stato al fine di permettere la loro estensione in un altro Stato (Obenaus 1. Ne costituisce un esempio la traduzione di un atto di citazione straniero per un convenuto. Va notato, inoltre, che esistono delle correlazioni tra i singoli fattori e i quattro metodi che si possono ipotizzare con riferimento alla traduzione giuridica. Si tratta a) della traduzione straniante (verfremdende . Ne consegue che laddove i metodi sopraelencati non fossero prevalenti possono configurarsi come procedimenti. Sia lo straniamento che la naturalizzazione possono operare a tutti i livelli della struttura linguistica e tengono conto delle aspettative del destinatario che, nell’ambito della traduzione giuridica, . Se a determinare il metodo della traduzione straniante o della traduzione naturalizzante . Un esempio per la traduzione straniante . Un esempio per la traduzione naturalizzante invece . Questi due esempi fanno capire come, nella traduzione giuridica, lo straniamento e la naturalizzazione coesistano all’interno dello stesso testo. Doczekalska 2. 00. In base al numero di drafter coinvolti, lo svolgimento del loro lavoro e l’incidenza di elementi di drafting e di traduzione, Doczekalska (2. Infatti le linee guida sulla traduzione giurata (beglaubigte . Nel caso della traduzione non istituzionale o della traduzione di bozze di testi, invece, lo spazio per la traduzione rielaborativa . Una traduzione fatta, ad es., a scopo di comparazione giuridica, pu. Se, infatti, nella traduzione interculturale la funzione del testo di arrivo . Se la funzione del testo di arrivo . All’interno di una traduzione straniante, infatti, ci sono sempre degli spazi pi. La formula con vittoria di spese e competenze, tipica dell’atto di citazione italiano, ad es., conosce quale corrispondente funzionale, tipico della Klageschrift tedesca, la formula Der Beklage tr. Allo stesso modo, una traduzione naturalizzante difficilmente non conterr. Lo dimostra il caso, analizzato in Wiesmann (2. Se si stabilisce, infatti, nella traduzione interculturale di contratti, che il diritto applicabile sia quello del contraente straniero, la traduzione tender. E se, nella traduzione intraculturale, la traduzione deve avere lo stesso status giuridico dell’originale, si privileger. Oltre a quelli proposti da Groot (1. Schmidt- K. Revisorenrat come traduzione per collegio sindacale o fiducie come traduzione per trust) con, se necessario, la relativa spiegazione di come va inteso, vanno nominati anche d) il ricorso a un termine neutro “indipendente da qualunque sistema giuridico” (Russo 2. Weston 1. 99. 1: 1. Competenze del traduttore legale. Dating - Wikipedia. Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially, possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage. Read eng%20211.pdf text version. Beyond Compare is a multi-platform utility that combines directory compare and file compare functions in one package. Use it to manage source code, keep directories. Revision History; Revision 4.0+git: 24 November 2010: Released with the Yocto Project 0.9 Release: Revision 1.0: 6 April 2011: Released with the Yocto Project 1.0. Christensen and Associates, Inc. Oracle, Java, Sun, Solaris, and OpenSolaris are registered trademarks of Oracle. It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple. The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms used to describe it, vary considerably from country to country and over time. Boatinfo requires FlashPlayer 9 or newer to display this document! This document specifies XML syntax and processing rules for creating and representing digital signatures. XML Signatures can be applied to any. We currently have no plans for changing the status of the current generation of integrated services routers (Cisco 1800, 2800, and 3800 Series Integrated Services. More than 400k cracks, serial key generators (keygens) are presented in our data base. Unlock any software you need in no time. While the term has several meanings, the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other. With the use of modern technology, people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person. This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other. Von Willebrand factor antigen level. The medical literature does not support the utility of the above tests for screening, diagnosis, or management of CHD.These people will have dates on a regular basis, and they may or may not be having sexual relations. This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology, dating is linked with other institutions such as marriage and the family which have also been changing rapidly and which have been subject to many forces, including advances in technology and medicine. As humans have evolved from hunter- gatherers into civilized societies and more recently into modern societies, there have been substantial changes in the relationship between men and women, with perhaps one of a few remaining biological constants being that both adult women and men must have sexual intercourse for human procreation to happen. Neurobiologist. Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species, in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, generally described as a male- female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same- sex and transsexual couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries. Historically, marriages in most societies were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but legacy and . While pair- bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair- bonds in places such as Europe; in China, society . Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. Women eventually won the right to vote in many countries and own property and receive equal treatment by the law, and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women. Parental influence declined. In many societies, individuals could decide—on their own—whether they should marry, whom they should marry, and when they should marry. A few centuries ago, dating was sometimes described as a . Still, dating varies considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class, and important exceptions with regards to individual freedoms remain as many countries today still practice arranged marriages, request dowries, and forbid same- sex pairings. Although in many countries, movies, meals, and meeting in coffeehouses and other places is now popular, as are advice books suggesting various strategies for men and women. It generally happened in that portion of a person's life before the age of marriage. People became more mobile. Cars extended the range of dating as well as enabled back- seat sexual exploration. In the mid- twentieth century, the advent of birth control as well as safer procedures for abortion changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without children. ![]() Information about human sexuality grew, and with it an acceptance of all types of sexual orientations is becoming more common. Today, the institution of dating continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up particularly through online dating. Dating as a social relationship. Behavior patterns are generally unwritten and constantly changing. There are considerable differences between social and personal values. ![]() Inline pictures version: ** searchable ** telegraph museum inventory. Each culture has particular patterns which determine such choices as whether the man asks the woman out, where people might meet, whether kissing is acceptable on a first date, the substance of conversation, who should pay for meals or entertainment. Among the Karen people in Burma and Thailand, women are expected to write love poetry and give gifts to win over the man. For example, director Blake Edwards wanted to date singing star Julie Andrews, and he joked in parties about her persona by saying that her . If two unmarried celebrities are seen in public together, they are often described as . A related sense of the term is when two people have been out in public only a few times but have not yet committed to a relationship; in this sense, dating describes an initial trial period and can be contrasted with . Often physical characteristics, personality, financial status, and other aspects of the involved persons are judged and, as a result, feelings can be hurt and confidence shaken. Because of the uncertainty of the whole situation, the desire to be acceptable to the other person, and the possibility of rejection, dating can be very stressful for all parties involved. Some studies have shown that dating tends to be extremely difficult for people with social anxiety disorder. And the number of these businesses has surged since 2. This may be combined with displacement gestures, small repetitive fiddles that signal a desire to speed things up and make contact. When approaching a stranger you want to impress, exude confidence in your stance, even if you're on edge. Pull up to your full height in a subtle chest- thrust pose, which arches your back, puffs out your upper body and pushes out your buttocks. Roll your shoulders back and down and relax your facial expression.— Judi James in The Guardian, . A Pew study in 2. Internet users in long- term relationships including marriage, found that many met by contacts at work or at school. For example, it is a common belief that heterosexual men often seek women based on beauty and youth. In addition to the deterimental effects of upholding limited views of relationships and sexual and romantic desires, stereotypes also lead to framing social problems in a problematic way. For example, some have noted that educated women in many countries including Italy and Russia and the United States find it difficult to have a career as well as raise a family, prompting a number of writers to suggest how women should approach dating and how to time their careers and personal life. Yet the advice comes with the assumption that the work- life balance is inherently a . In many societies there is a view that women should fulfill the role of primary caregivers, with little to no spousal support and with few services by employers or government such as parental leave or child care. Accordingly, an issue regarding dating is the subject of career timing which generates controversy. Some views reflect a traditional notion of gender roles. For example, Danielle Crittenden in What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us argued that having both a career and family at the same time was taxing and stressful for a woman; as a result, she suggested that women should date in their early twenties with a seriousness of purpose, marry when their relative beauty permitted them to find a reliable partner, have children, then return to work in their early thirties with kids in school; Crittenden acknowledged that splitting a career path with a ten- year baby- raising hiatus posed difficulties. Columnist Maureen Dowd quoted comedian Bill Maher on the subject of differing dating agendas between men and women: . With the advent of a changing workplace, the increased participation of women in the labor force, an increasing number of men who are picking up their share of parenting and housework. Going out on a limb can be roller- coaster scary because none of us want to be rejected or to have our heart broken. But so what if that happens? I, for one, would rather fall flat on my face as I serenade my partner (off- key and all) in a bikini and a short little pool skirt than sit on the edge of the pool, dipping my toes in silence. One dating adviser agreed that love is risky, and wrote that . For example, when the 1. The Rules appeared, it touched off media controversy about how men and women should relate to each other, with different positions taken by New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd. According to one report, there was a 1. Sara Mc. Corquodale suggests that women meeting strangers on dates meet initially in busy public places, share details of upcoming dates with friends or family so they know where they'll be and who they'll be with, avoid revealing one's surname or address, and conducting searches on them on the Internet prior to the date. That is why I advise our boys to read stories and watch movies more and to learn more beautiful phrases to tell girls.— Ramzan Kadyrov, 2. 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In the Gathas, Zarathustra speaks of two spirits that Mazda created who revealed themselves as twin co- workers, constantly at war with each other - - one created life, the other nonlife; one truth, the other falsehood (druj). These opposing forces that maintain the visible universe are Spenta- Mainyu and Angra- Mainyu, the root cause respectively of all good and of all evil. Angra- Mainyu being taken for Ahriman has made some scholars arrive at the conclusion that Spenta- Mainyu must also represent Ahura- Mazda. In Mazdean philosophy Ahura Mazda is the supreme creator whereas Ahriman is a created being. In the Avesta, Angra- Mainyu is described as the fiendish Druj, the Daeva of the Daevas, the leader of the evil powers; he is all darkness and ignorance, dwelling in the infinite night. Whatever the good spirit makes, the evil spirit mars, even though . When the world was created, Angra- Mainyu broke into it, and for every creation of Ahura Mazda's, he counter- created by his witchcraft a plague; he killed the firstborn bull that had been the first offspring and source of life on earth, created 9. Angra- Mainyu (Avestan) The personification of evil of the later Avesta. In the Gathas, Zarathustra speaks of two spirits that Mazda created who revealed themselves as twin co- workers, constantly at war with each other - - one created life, the other nonlife; one truth, the other falsehood (druj). These opposing forces that maintain the visible universe are Spenta- Mainyu and Angra- Mainyu, the root cause respectively of all good and of all evil. Angra- Mainyu being taken for Ahriman has made some scholars arrive at the conclusion that Spenta- Mainyu must also represent Ahura- Mazda. In Mazdean philosophy Ahura Mazda is the supreme creator whereas Ahriman is a created being. 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